ATMEGA8L ATMEL [ATMEL Corporation], ATMEGA8L Datasheet - Page 132

• Manufacturer Part Number: ATMEGA8L
• Description: 8-bit AVR with 8K Bytes In-System Programmable Flash
• Manufacturer: ATMEL [ATMEL Corporation]

Internal Clock Generation –
The Baud Rate Generator
132
ATmega8(L)
Figure 62. Clock Generation Logic, Block Diagram
Signal description:
Internal clock generation is used for the asynchronous and the Synchronous Master
modes of operation. The description in this section refers to Figure 62.
The USART Baud Rate Register (UBRR) and the down-counter connected to it function
as a programmable prescaler or baud rate generator. The down-counter, running at sys-
tem clock (fosc), is loaded with the UBRR value each time the counter has counted
down to zero or when the UBRRL Register is written. A clock is generated each time the
counter reaches zero. This clock is the baud rate generator clock output (=
fosc/(UBRR+1)). The Transmitter divides the baud rate generator clock output by 2, 8,
or 16 depending on mode. The baud rate generator output is used directly by the
Receiver’s clock and data recovery units. However, the recovery units use a state
machine that uses 2, 8, or 16 states depending on mode set by the state of the UMSEL,
U2X and DDR_XCK bits.
Table 52 contains equations for calculating the baud rate (in bits per second) and for
calculating the UBRR value for each mode of operation using an internally generated
clock source.
DDR_XCK
txclk
rxclk
xcki
xcko
fosc
XCK
Pin
xcko
Transmitter clock. (Internal Signal)
Receiver base clock. (Internal Signal)
Input from XCK pin (internal Signal). Used for synchronous slave operation.
Clock output to XCK pin (Internal Signal). Used for synchronous master
operation.
XTAL pin frequency (System Clock).
xcki
OSC
Down-Counter
Prescaling
Register
UBRR
Sync
UBRR+1
fosc
Detector
UCPOL
Edge
/ 2
/ 4
/ 2
DDR_XCK
U2X
0
1
0
1
2486M–AVR–12/03
0
1
1
0
UMSEL
txclk
rxclk